1839–1842 The First Anglo-Afghan War,
was about blocking the Russian influence from the Indian border and extending British influence into Central Asia. After the British political agent was assassinated, the remnants of the first British expeditionary force (16,000 soldiers, dependents, and camp followers) tried to retreat back into India. The subsequent British punitive expedition killed thousands of Afghans and destroyed three cities, including Kabul. The British then withdrew.
1878–1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War,
disputes over potential Russian influence on Kabul again produced a British ultimatum, a rapid and successful invasion, a troubled occupation, a murdered British envoy, and subsequent maneuver warfare.
1880-1901
Abdur Rahman Khan (1884-1901) became emir after a Pyrrhic victory for Great Britain. Rahman brought the country together and ruled well but harshly. He was forced to accept the hated Durand Line drawn by the British envoy, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, to divide Afghanistan from India. It also divided the Pashtuns, leaving a third of them in Afghanistan and two-thirds in western India, which later became modern Pakistan.
1901-1919
Habibullah Khan menjadi raja. Terbunuh
1919-1929
Amanullah Khan, putra Habibullah, menjadi raja. The Third Anglo-Afghan War followed World War I and established full independence. After victory in the third war, later celebrated as the beginning of Afghan self-rule, Amanullah decided to modernize his kingdom. He was the first Afghan ruler to take aid and military assistance from the Soviet Union.
After touring Europe for a few months. In 1928, Amanullah returned with a notion of becoming an Afghan version of Kemal Attaturk, the leader who made Turkey a modern secular state.
1929 Pemberontakan, Civil War
Raja Amanullah turun tahta. Digantikan oleh Habibullah Kalakani. Hanya 9 bulan. Dihukum mati
1929-1933
Mohammed Nadir Shah, yang memerintah hingga 1933. Nadir kembali memperjuangkan prinsip-prinsip Afghan, hak-hak Perempuan dan Hukum Sharia. Tewas, terbunuh.
1929-1978 dibawah dinasti Musahiban
1933-1973
Mohammed Zahir Shah, putra Nadir Shah, menggantikannya dengan beberapa Perdana Menteri bergantian.
(1953-1964)
Perdana Menteri pertama Prince Mohammed Daoud, keponakan Zahir Shah. During Zahir Shah’s reign, Afghanistan managed to remain neutral in World War II, began to develop economically with the help of foreign aid, created a modern military with the help of the USSR, and stayed at an uneasy peace with its neighbor, Pakistan.
1964
Zahir Shah mengeluarkan UU yang isinya melarang kerabat raja menjadi anggota kabinet. Prince Mohammed Daoud berhenti sebagai PM.
1973-1978
Mohammed Daoud bersama militter sayap kiri melakukan kudeta tak berdarah, ketika Zahir Shah sedang berada di luar negeri. Presiden Daoud mulai berpaling ke AS.
The United States did provide aid but in general was much less interested in Afghanistan than the Soviet Union was. Afghanistan was much more important for the Soviet Union. It was a neutral, developing state on the periphery of the USSR, beholden to Moscow for economic and military aid which was generously applied, especially in the early 1970s.
1978
Mohammed Daoud digulingkan oleh sayap kiri yang dulu membantunya kudeta. Wafat terbunuh bersama keluarganya. Pemerintahan pewaris Amanullah yang represif radikalis mulai terjadi. Kekuatan berada pada kelompok dukungan intelektual Pashtun Timur dan militer dukungan Soviet.
Ancaman perpecahan seperti terorisme, Islam radikalisme, globalisasi dan era informasi terus terjadi sejak wafatnya Abdur Rahman Khan 1901 hingga munculnya Partai Demokratik Rakyat Afghanistan (1978).
3 dari 4 penguasa komunis selalu terbunuh saat berkuasa atau sesaat setelah meninggalkan kekuasaannya (Taraki, Hafizullah Amin, and Mohammad Najibullah). Hanya Babrak Karmal selamat hingga 1986 diasingkan.
Ke-12 pendahulu Presiden Hamid Karzai telah menjalani kehidupan yang sulit: semuanya telah dipaksa lepas dari jabatannya, dengan tujuh orang terbunuh dalam prosesnya.
Februari 1979
Kelompok radikalis menculik dubes AS. Adolph “Spike” Dubs di Kabul.
Maret 1979
Pemberontak menyerang kota Herat. Membunuh 50 warga Soviet.
September 1979
Presiden Taraki mengunjungi Moscow. Diperingatkan oleh para pejabat Soviet tentang berbahayanya PM radikalis Hafizullah Amin. Beredar foto Presiden Taraki menghormati Leonid Brezhnev di halaman depan harian Pravda. Tak lama kemudian Presiden Taraki dibunuh. Hafizullah Amin mengambil alih posisi defense secretary, prime minister, president, and general secretary of the party.
Desember 1979
Invasi Soviet ke Afghanistan. Hafizullah Amin terbunuh.
Babrak Karmal diangkat Uni Soviet (era sekjen. Mikhail Gorbachev) sebagai Presiden Afghanistan (1979-1986)
(Understanding War in Afghanistan by Joseph J. Collins)
Februari 1979
Saudi meminta Amerika Serikat untuk membantu para pejuang Afghanistan, dan menawarkan untuk mendanai upaya tersebut.
25 Desember 1979
Tank-tank Soviet melintasi perbatasan Uzbekistan, melintasi Sungai Amu Darya, masuk ke Afghanistan. Pada 5.00 am, Soviet memulai pengangkutan udara besar-besaran pasukan tempur ke Kabul. Dilaporkan lebih dari 200 penerbangan take off/landing di Kabul. Peningkatan jumlah tentara dari 1.500 menjadi 6.000 tentara dalam satu malam.
Februari 1980
Turki al-Faisal, pimpinan intelijen Arab Saudi, yang baru saja menaklukkan Juhaiman di Mekah, melakukan perjalanan ke Peshawar. Mengunjungi pengungsi Afghanistan. Mulai khawatir ttg kemungkinan masuknya Soviet ke Pakistan, dari Afghanistan.
Juli 1979
Presiden Carter menyetujui bantuan ringan radio transmiters dan dukungan propaganda terhadap Saudi Arabia.
1986
Mohammad Najibullah menggantikan Babrak Karmal sebagai Presiden (Joseph J. Collins)
15 Februari 1988
Militer Soviet terakhir keluar dari Afghanistan menyeberangi sungai Amu Darya melalui jembatan Termez Bridge. Kembali memasuki Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan. Route yang sama ketika memasuki Afghanistan, Desember 1979.
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